How Iron Overload Fuels Metabolic Disease

Iron is essential for life. It plays a central role in oxygen transport (via hemoglobin), energy production (in the mitochondria), DNA synthesis, and immune defense. Without adequate iron, cells cannot produce energy efficiently or maintain healthy function—leading to fatigue, weakness, and impaired immunity.

But while iron is vital, it must be carefully regulated. When iron accumulates beyond safe levels, free ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) reacts with hydrogen peroxide in the Fenton reaction, producing hydroxyl radicals—among the most damaging free radicals known. These radicals attack lipids, proteins, and DNA, causing widespread oxidative stress.

This oxidative injury triggers chronic inflammation in the liver, muscles, and fat tissue. The damage impairs insulin receptor signaling and reduces glucose uptake, pushing the body toward insulin resistance. Over time, this cascade contributes to fatty liver, impaired metabolism, and type 2 diabetes—hallmarks of metabolic syndrome.

Iron is essential, but like fire, it must be contained. Understanding and managing iron balance is critical to maintaining metabolic health and preventing chronic disease.